This article contains everything you need to know about permanent mold casting.
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Permanent mold casting is a method of casting that employs robust, reusable molds to create parts and components from molten metals. These molds are typically crafted from steel or cast iron, allowing them to withstand repeated use and produce thousands of highly accurate parts. While commonly used for aluminum, copper, and magnesium, this process can be applied to any metal capable of being melted into a molten state.
The widespread use of permanent mold casting is attributed to its ability to achieve tight tolerances, smooth surface finishes, and superior mechanical properties. These benefits stem from the use of a reusable mold for pouring molten metal, setting it apart from sand casting and lost wax casting, which involve disposable molds. During solidification, the solid surface of the permanent mold chills the metal, resulting in a finer grain structure and minimizing porosity in the final cast piece.
The molds used in permanent mold casting play a crucial role in achieving precise tolerances in the final product. Every step of the process must be completed in sequence and closely observed to guarantee that the end result aligns with the required design specifications, dimensional standards, and tight tolerances. In industrial manufacturing, these qualitative measures are essential for producing high-quality metal components that meet customer demands and application-specific requirements.
Permanent mold casting refers to a group of metal casting processes that utilize reusable (durable) molds for producing metal parts on a repeatable, mass-production scale. Unlike expendable mold processes such as sand casting or investment casting, permanent mold casting employs robust molds made from high-strength materials that withstand multiple cycles of heating and cooling. While these methods differ in specifics, they all involve introducing molten metal, such as aluminum, magnesium, copper, zinc, or tin alloys, into a preheated, coated mold cavity. The casting technique used for pouring the metal—whether gravity die casting, low-pressure permanent mold casting, vacuum die casting, or slush casting—varies depending on the intricacy of the part, required surface finish, production volume, and mechanical properties. Each method offers distinct advantages for applications across industries like automotive, aerospace, electronics, and industrial manufacturing, catering to different user intents such as precision, durability, and cost-efficiency.
Permanent mold casting involves creating highly-engineered molds using durable metals like tool steel, cast iron, graphite, or copper-based alloys. These materials are selected for their resilience to repeated thermal cycling and mechanical stresses associated with frequent exposure to molten metals at high temperatures. Depending on the complexity of the casting, the molds can be composed of two or more sections, incorporating advanced features such as cores, inserts, and venting systems for optimized metal flow and gas evacuation.
The process of producing a permanent mold starts by designing a precise pattern for the finished component. This pattern incorporates gating systems, runners, channels, and sprues, all engineered to efficiently direct the molten metal during casting. Since the mold is typically split into two or more halves, these features are carefully positioned to ensure even distribution, complete filling, and to minimize casting defects such as shrinkage porosity or cold shuts. Advanced CAD software is often used during the mold design phase to simulate flow and solidification, optimizing quality and consistency.
The mold cavity is an exact negative of the object to be cast, accurately reflecting the original pattern used to create it. As a result, every casting produced from this mold will be a precise replica of the initial design, supporting stringent quality assurance. Permanent molds offer key benefits over single-use (disposable) molds made from sand or ceramic, including improved dimensional accuracy, lower porosity, superior mechanical properties, and consistently smooth surface finishes. The solid, uniform structure of steel or iron molds also helps control wall thickness and heat transfer, distributing solidification stress evenly and enhancing casting durability and structural integrity.
The time required to manufacture a permanent mold can vary based on part complexity, mold size, and production requirements. The tooling process is driven by collaborative input from engineers, foundry personnel, and sometimes the end customer. Before mold tooling begins, detailed design reviews and approvals are completed for quality assurance and process repeatability. The actual machining and assembly of the mold can take anywhere from one week to over a month, impacting the overall production lead time. However, permanent molds are long-lasting; with proper maintenance, a single mold can produce thousands to tens of thousands of parts, maximizing return on investment for high-volume production runs. Key factors influencing mold performance include the mold material, operating temperature, casting alloy type, and cooling methodology.
Integral to the mold design are guide pins, alignment pins, or locating pins, which ensure precise closure and alignment between mold halves, preventing flash and ensuring dimensional tolerances are met. These features are essential for high-quality, defect-free parts and support automated or semi-automated casting operations for increased efficiency and repeatability.
To ensure molds can be reused for future projects, casting companies typically clean and store them under controlled conditions after use. For every new production cycle, the permanent mold casting process starts by preheating the mold to a specific temperature tailored to the chosen casting alloy. Preheating the metallic mold—often between 150°C and 300°C (302°F to 572°F)—is crucial for several reasons: it ensures that molten metal spreads evenly into every section of the mold without premature solidification, prevents thermal shock (which could crack or degrade the mold), and supports uniform cooling and shrinkage of the metal part. Effective preheating helps avoid common casting defects like misruns, cold shuts, or uneven surfaces.
Before pouring, the mold halves receive a heat-resistant, non-stick coating—often a ceramic or graphite-based die release agent—which endures the harsh thermal cycles and aids in easy part removal. These coatings not only improve the surface finish of the castings, but also protect the mold surface and extend its working life. Specialized preheating stations or ovens, often separate from the main casting equipment, are used by leading permanent mold manufacturers to guarantee precise temperature control and uniform results. Each foundry may use slightly different preheating strategies, sometimes integrating advanced temperature sensors, robotic handling, and automated monitoring to optimize casting quality.
Permanent mold casting is compatible with a range of non-ferrous and ferrous metal alloys. However, aluminum, magnesium, copper, and zinc-based alloys are most commonly used due to their lower melting points and excellent casting properties. The chosen metal alloy heavily influences processing parameters—mold temperature, molten metal temperature, pouring rate, applied pressure, and cooling rate—as well as properties like tensile strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, and machinability. The complexity and intended function of the component also play a decisive role in alloy selection, as certain alloys offer better fluidity, weldability, or support for thin-walled or intricate shapes. By this stage, collaboration between design engineers and foundry experts ensures the optimal combination of casting process, alloy selection, and post-casting treatment for superior part performance and value.
| Advantage and Application of Metals | ||
|---|---|---|
| Metal | Advantages | Applications |
| Aluminum Alloys | Lightweight, excellent strength-to-weight ratio, high thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance | Aerospace, automotive, industrial equipment, consumer goods, electronics, construction, marine |
| Magnesium Alloys | Lightweight, superior castability, shock absorption, good damping capacity | Aerospace, automotive, electronics, sports equipment, consumer goods, medical devices |
| Copper Alloys | Excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion and wear resistance | Electrical components, electronic connectors, plumbing, HVAC systems, marine, decorative items |
| Zinc Alloys | Outstanding dimensional stability, superb surface finish, high corrosion resistance, ease of casting | Automotive, locks and hardware, industrial, construction, decorative components, die cast parts |
| Tin Alloys | Low melting point, fluidity at low temperature, good ductility, nontoxic options available | Low-temperature applications, decorative castings, bearings, electrical fuses |
| Lead Alloys | Low melting point, excellent castability, chemical resistance, machinability | Industrial applications, plumbing, radiation shielding, weighting components |
The mold clamp is an essential feature for maintaining the structural integrity of the mold during the casting cycle. By securely fastening the two (or more) mold halves together, the clamp prevents separation, shifting, or leakage of molten metal during filling. Larger, high-mass molds necessitate the use of robust clamping systems and mechanisms capable of withstanding significant separation forces. Mold clamping systems vary in size, actuation (manual, hydraulic, or pneumatic), material, and design, each customized to meet the specific requirements of the casting process and part geometry. As modern foundries pursue process automation and precision, many deploy automated clamping and closing systems to ensure repeatability, safety, and higher throughput for large-scale and complex castings.
The pouring stage in permanent mold casting is executed using one of three primary methods: static pour, tilt pour, and reverse tilt pour. The variations in pouring approach depend largely on the size and design of the mold, part complexity, and production requirements. For small and medium-sized molds, molten metal is often poured manually or with precision crucibles. For larger molds or heavy industrial castings, automated handling or teams transport molten metal from a furnace to an intermediate holding crucible or directly to the mold cavity. Regulating the pouring process and flow rate is crucial—it mitigates hazards and minimizes defects such as porosity, shrinkage, and inclusions.
The static pouring or dump pour technique is one of the oldest and most straightforward methods, where molten material is poured directly into the mold cavity under gravity. Controlled pouring speed and flow are important to avoid excessive turbulence, which can introduce gas and generate porosity in the final part. This method is ideal for small-batch production or simpler component geometries using permanent molds, while being less suitable for highly complex or high-value parts where defect minimization is critical.
Tilt pouring is a widely adopted technique within permanent mold casting for its engineeirng advantages. The mold and/or crucible is supported by automated machinery and gradually tilted, allowing molten metal to flow smoothly and gradually into the mold cavity. By reducing turbulence and maintaining laminar flow, tilt pouring helps produce castings with minimal porosity and internal defects, resulting in higher mechanical strength, better machinability, and improved overall casting quality.
The reverse tilt pour technique is a hybrid method combining aspects of both static and tilt pouring. Here, the mold is oriented so the parting line remains parallel to the ground, and molten metal is poured into the riser to fill from the center outward. As the mold transitions from an upright to a tilted position, this method achieves uniform sectional filling, reduced air entrapment, and controlled solidification, making it ideal for complex, large, or symmetrical castings such as those found in heavy machinery, valve bodies, and pump housings.
Effective management of the solidification phase is crucial in permanent mold casting for achieving high-quality, dimensionally accurate parts. The solidification rate and pattern directly affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final component. Core factors such as casting geometry, alloy selection, and mold material dictate the cooling behavior and production rate. In permanent mold processes, heat extraction is accelerated by the high thermal conductivity of the mold materials, enabling faster cycle times compared to expendable mold casting.
Manufacturers utilize various cooling techniques and thermal controls to regulate mold temperature and optimize casting results. Air cooling, the simpler and less expensive method, minimizes thermal shock and extends the working life of the mold. It employs natural or forced airflow, heat exchangers, and cooling fins to achieve consistent cooling rates. In more advanced applications, water cooling is implemented via drilled or cast-in cooling channels within the mold. These channels circulate coolant (often water or oil), pulling heat away quickly from large or complex molds. Automated thermostatic controls, thermal sensors, and programmable cooling sequences allow foundries to tailor cooling cycles, reducing cycle times and improving surface finish and material properties.
Critical design of cooling systems—including the length, diameter, and cleanliness of the cooling lines—impacts not only cycle efficiency but also product repeatability and mold maintenance costs. By carefully matching cooling strategies to alloy and part design, manufacturers enhance casting quality, reduce rejects, and prolong the lifespan of expensive permanent molds.
Once all key steps of the permanent mold casting process are properly executed, the solidified casting can be safely and efficiently extracted from the mold. The ability to remove the finished part without damage, deformation, or loss of surface integrity is a major advantage of permanent mold casting, contributing to lower rejection rates and superior product consistency for downstream machining and finishing operations.
The design of the mold and casting, particularly the inclusion of an appropriate draft angle or taper on vertical walls, is critical for smooth and reliable ejection. Draft angles ranging from 3° to 5° facilitate the release of the part, minimizing friction and avoiding surface adhesion. Molds are also coated with a high-performance release agent prior to each casting cycle, aiding smooth extraction and reducing the risk of casting defects, die galling, or surface imperfections.
Modern permanent mold casting often employs mechanical ejection systems, such as strategically positioned ejector pins, sleeves, or plates, to remove the casting quickly and uniformly. Ejector pins extend through the mold, gently pushing the cooled casting out of the cavity. While these pins may leave minor impressions on the part surface, subsequent secondary finishing steps can readily eliminate such marks. Continuous design refinement ensures pin layout does not interfere with critical surfaces, minimizing post-casting processing needs. Once the casting is removed, the pins retract, and the permanent mold is prepared for the next cycle—supporting high production efficiency and consistency in large-scale manufacturing.
By meticulously controlling each stage of the permanent mold casting process—from mold engineering and alloy selection, through melting, pouring, cooling, and part extraction—manufacturers can deliver superior metal castings with exceptional repeatability, precision, and performance for a wide array of demanding industry applications.
Reusable molds can be utilized in several casting techniques, including gravity, slush, low pressure, and vacuum casting. Each technique differs in the method used to introduce molten metal into the permanent mold. Despite these variations, all methods share common elements, such as the use of a mold, the process of injecting molten metal, and the presence of a two-part mold.
Gravity permanent mold casting is the earliest method among permanent mold casting techniques. In gravity permanent mold casting, molten metal enters the mold either by direct pouring or by tilting the mold. The process involves filling the mold cavity through a gating system as the molten metal is introduced into the mold's sprues.
Slush casting in permanent mold processes is generally employed for producing hollow castings. This method, however, does not ensure precise control over the casting's geometry and strength. The slush casting procedure includes typical steps found in permanent mold casting methods, such as heating the mold, securing it, and then pouring molten metal into the mold.
Slush permanent mold casting operates on the principle that castings solidify starting from the mold's walls and progress inward. This means that the exterior layer of the mold becomes solid before the interior. In slush permanent mold casting, once a solid layer has formed on the mold’s surface during the solidification process, the remaining molten metal is poured out. This process leaves behind a metal shell that conforms to the mold’s shape and characteristics. The thickness of the resulting hollow part increases as the molten metal is allowed to solidify longer.
In the permanent mold casting process, all subsequent steps, including part removal, adhere to standard procedures typical of this method. Slush permanent mold casting is particularly suited for metals with lower melting points, such as zinc, tin, or aluminum alloys. A key aspect of slush permanent mold casting is the capability to quickly and mechanically invert the mold and ensure that there is a crucible or container ready to collect the molten metal.
The low pressure permanent mold casting method utilizes a controlled pressure ranging from 3 psi to 15 psi. This pressure is applied to a reservoir of molten metal to fill a permanent mold. Unlike the gravity casting method, where molten metal is poured into a tilted mold, the low pressure process involves placing the molten metal in a reservoir positioned below the mold. Gradual increments of pressure push the molten metal upwards through risers into the mold cavity.
The molten metal remains under pressure until it solidifies. Once the pressure is released, any remaining molten metal in the risers and mold returns to the holding furnace or reservoir. The gradual application of pressure allows for precise control over the mold filling process, ensuring a smooth and uniform distribution of metal. This technique helps minimize porosity, reduces oxide formation, and ensures consistent metal flow from top to bottom of the mold. As a result, the castings produced have outstanding density, superior strength, and precise dimensional accuracy.
Low pressure permanent mold casting is often employed for producing straightforward geometric castings and is ideal for high-volume manufacturing. This method is particularly effective for creating basic, uncomplicated castings, as it does not necessitate intricate machinery or sophisticated technology.
Vacuum permanent mold casting differs significantly from other molten metal insertion techniques used in permanent molds. Unlike slush and gravity casting, which rely on pouring, and low pressure casting, which uses applied pressure, vacuum permanent mold casting employs a vacuum to draw the molten metal into the mold cavity. Although the vacuum method involves a form of pressure similar to low pressure casting, it fundamentally differs in its approach to filling the mold.
The mold structure used in vacuum permanent mold casting resembles that of low-pressure permanent mold casting. In this process, the molten metal is positioned below the mold, which is connected via risers and a gating system. As the molten metal rises, similar to low-pressure casting, the mold is held above the molten metal reservoir. Often, a robotic arm is used to precisely control the mold's stability during this process. The pressure inside the mold is reduced, causing the molten metal to move upward through the risers and gate system into the mold cavity.
As the metal solidifies, the mold is removed from the molten metal reservoir to release the casting. Vacuum permanent mold casting is widely utilized because it offers high dimensional precision, excellent surface finishes, and superior mechanical characteristics. This process is particularly suitable for castings with thin walls, which are challenging to achieve with other casting techniques.
Vacuum permanent mold casting closely resembles low pressure permanent mold casting, but offers an advantage by minimizing or eliminating gas defects through the use of vacuum. Similar to low pressure casting, vacuum casting is a cost-effective method suitable for producing high-volume parts and components efficiently.
The permanent mold casting method is commonly employed to produce metal components that require precise tolerances, smooth surface finishes, and minimal to no porosity. This process offers the flexibility to design and manufacture parts with detailed and intricate features, regardless of wall thickness. Due to the straightforward nature of the tooling and design, parts and components can be produced quickly, resulting in short lead times.
Permanent mold casting is ideal for achieving high production rates and large-scale manufacturing. The robust construction of the molds allows them to be used repeatedly, often for thousands of cycles, before they need replacement. This durability makes permanent mold casting a cost-efficient method. While the initial investment in mold tooling is considerable due to the strength and resilience of the materials used, this expense is offset by the extended lifespan and durability of the molds.
Permanent mold casting is widely utilized in industrial applications due to its cost-effectiveness. This process creates components that are both durable and long-lasting, with minimal imperfections or distortions. It allows for the production of energy-efficient parts with high precision, achieved with minimal effort and expense.
The automotive sector extensively utilizes permanent mold casting for producing various vehicle components. Engine blocks, commonly made from cast iron or aluminum, ensure durability and reliability. Furthermore, using these cast parts helps minimize vehicle maintenance expenses by being safe, clean, and energy-efficient, while reducing harmful emissions.
In the marine sector, components face challenging and harsh conditions that evaluate their durability. They must withstand extreme temperatures, heavy rain, and saltwater, all of which test their performance and stability. Marine industry cast parts are crafted from robust materials such as stainless steel, aluminum, and various copper and bronze alloys. These alloys are specifically designed to resist damage from marine organisms.
The construction sector requires that all elements and components possess adequate strength to support the demanding load-bearing requirements. Permanent mold casting is utilized to produce essential items such as base and column foundations, manhole covers, gates, and piping. It is also employed to manufacture structural components for bridges, dams, and other structures designed to withstand severe weather conditions.
Aviation components require exceptional durability while remaining lightweight for optimal flight performance. These parts must be manufactured with high precision, adhering to strict dimensional and size tolerances. Typically, aviation components are produced using materials such as steel, titanium, and aluminum, including low-density aluminum and steel alloys. In addition to mechanical components, various permanent mold castings are used in aircraft interiors, including seat belts, seats, doors, and cabin accessories.
Permanent mold castings are frequently utilized in military applications, including firearms and front-line combat equipment, due to their exceptional strength, durability, and resilience. Each military component must adhere to stringent standards set by the Army Corps of Engineers. These standards encompass every detail of the component, down to the finest specifications. As with all permanent mold castings, military items must endure harsh and demanding conditions, necessitating the highest level of quality.
The mining sector relies heavily on components created through permanent mold casting, given the specific demands of mining operations. This casting method is employed to manufacture essential parts such as wheel hubs, clamping rings for shakers, crushers, and piston shafts. The connection between mining and casting is significant, as the metals extracted from mining serve as the fundamental materials for the permanent mold casting process. Products produced via permanent mold casting are designed to ensure minimal wear and prevent mechanical fatigue.
Permanent mold casting offers several advantages, including superior surface finishes, precise dimensional accuracy, and high production rates with the ability to reuse molds. Additionally, the solidification process in permanent mold castings produces microstructures that are often stronger and more refined compared to those created with expendable mold castings.
In the past, creating parts with detailed shapes and complex structures involved machining and manually manipulating metal pieces to achieve the correct dimensions. This method was labor-intensive, demanded significant skill, and was time-consuming. Today, permanent mold casting allows for the production of these same components in a fraction of the time, with enhanced precision and accuracy.
In the past, creating parts with detailed shapes and complex structures involved machining and manually manipulating metal pieces to achieve the correct dimensions. This method was labor-intensive, demanded significant skill, and was time-consuming. Today, permanent mold casting allows for the production of these same components in a fraction of the time, with enhanced precision and accuracy.
In today's fast-paced production environment, meeting consumer demands quickly is essential. Permanent mold casting has become a preferred method in various industries due to its efficiency. This technique enables the creation of components with consistent tolerances and stability, thanks to the durability of permanent molds. Each mold can withstand over 50,000 cycles, and production rates typically range from 5 to 50 parts per hour.
Many casting techniques face a common issue known as shrinkage, which can be up to 6% in some melts. This shrinkage happens as the casting cools, potentially causing defects in the final part. Among various casting methods, permanent mold casting stands out for having the least amount of shrinkage. This advantage is attributed to the lack of gas porosity in the process. By removing porosity, the grain structure of castings made through permanent mold casting remains more consistent and stable.
Unlike other casting methods where shrinkage and porosity can compromise the strength and durability of the cast parts, permanent mold casting minimizes or eliminates porosity. This is achieved through the use of high-precision molds and meticulous control over the casting process, ensuring robust and high-quality components.
Permanent mold casting is used with various metals that have high-quality surface finishes, which could be compromised during the casting process. This method preserves the excellent surface qualities of these metals because the smooth interior of the mold cavity prevents damage. Additionally, it results in a finer grain structure, enhancing the overall strength of the castings.
The durability of permanent mold casting is a key feature, as these molds are capable of withstanding thousands of production cycles. Their robust and dependable nature allows for the rapid, efficient, and consistent creation of high-quality components. Each part produced maintains the same precise tolerances, ensuring uniformity throughout the manufacturing process.
Using durable molds offers cost savings and boosts profitability. While the upfront investment in creating a robust and stable mold might appear high, its extended lifespan results in a lower cost per finished component.
Many traditional casting methods generate a significant amount of scrap, sometimes up to 88%. In contrast, permanent mold casting minimizes waste, often eliminating it entirely. Techniques like slush permanent mold casting and low pressure permanent mold casting allow leftover molten metal to be returned directly to the crucible, where it can be reused for subsequent molds.
Minimizing waste is crucial in permanent mold casting to reduce the overall cost of the finished products. Not only does it cut down on the expenses related to waste disposal or recycling, but it also helps avoid environmental pollution by eliminating unnecessary byproducts.
The permanent mold casting technique creates castings with smooth, consistent surfaces, making them suitable for integration into various machinery. This method is commonly employed in the manufacturing of automotive engines and components. Permanent mold castings are renowned for their strength, toughness, durability, and ductility, attributes enhanced by the mold's rapid heat dissipation during solidification. This swift solidification process results in a fine, uniform grain structure unique to this casting method.
Various ductile metals are suitable for permanent mold casting, with the choice depending on the desired attributes of the final part. These attributes can include strength, durability, visual appeal, and the complexity of the design. It is essential for design engineers and clients to define the necessary properties and features to select the most appropriate metal for casting.
Of the different metals, aluminum is the most commonly chosen due to its many positive attributes. It is a low-cost machinable metal that is corrosion resistant. A wide range of aluminum alloys are used for permanent mold casting with the 300 series being one of the more common sets of alloys. Aluminum alloys with a high amount of silica, at 12%, are ideal for permanent mold casting due to the silica content lowering the melting temperature of the alloy.
| Quality of Aluminum 300 Series Alloys for Permanent Mold Casting | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alloy | Fluidity | Pressure Tightness | Resistance to Hot Cracking | Resistance to Corrosion | Machinability | Elevated Temperature Strength | Anodizing Quality |
| 319 | Very Good | Very Good | Very Good | Good | Good | Good | Fair |
| 333 | Excellent | Very Good | Very Good | Good | Good | Very Good | Fair |
| 354 | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Fair | Very Good | Fair |
| 355 | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Good | Very Good | Fair |
| 356 | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Very Good | Good | Good | Fair |
| A356 | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Very Good | Good | Good | Fair |
| 357 | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Very Good | Good | Good | Fair |
| A360.0 | Very Good | Excellent | Very Good | Very Good | Good | Very Good | Fair |
| A380.0 | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Fair | Good | Very Good | Fair |
Pure copper is rarely used for casting due to its insufficient strength. Instead, copper alloys are commonly cast, with various elements added to improve the strength of the base metal. By modifying the alloy elements, copper can be tailored to meet specific casting requirements. Adjustments to the alloys can alter the color, strength, corrosion resistance, and malleability of copper.
Various zinc alloys are utilized in the permanent mold casting process, including Zamak 2, Zamak 3, Zamak 7, and ZA 8. Among these, Zamak 2, also known as Kirksite, stands out as the most robust and hardest within the Zamak family due to its 3% copper content. The name "Zamak" is derived from the first letters of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and the German word for copper, "Kupfer."
Zamak 2 is favored for its excellent castability and creep resistance. With a melting point ranging from 2615°F to 2635°F (1435°C to 1446°C) and a Brinell hardness of 100, this alloy is known for its robust structural properties. It is commonly utilized in applications that require high stress endurance due to its strength and durability.
Zamak 3 offers outstanding castability and superb dimensional stability. It stands out from other zinc alloys due to its ability to be coated, plated, and chromated. With a Brinell hardness rating of 82, it features a tensile strength of 283 MPa and a yield strength of 221 MPa. Its combination of strength and ductility makes Zamak 3 an excellent choice for casting applications.
Nickel alloys are known for their excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion, making them suitable for demanding environments and high-temperature applications. Three well-known brands of nickel alloys include Monel®, Hastelloy®, and Inconel®. Monel is composed of 67% nickel and copper, along with trace amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. It offers greater strength compared to pure nickel and provides enhanced corrosion resistance.
Hastalloy® is a popular choice for permanent mold casting because it is easy to cast. Its molybdenum content enhances hardness and strength at elevated temperatures. Additionally, Hastalloy® castings are suitable for cold working and welding processes.
Inconel is known for its excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion, making it well-suited for harsh environments with extreme pressure and temperatures. When exposed to heat, Inconel develops a protective oxide layer on its surface. Its notable feature is its enhanced strength and durability at elevated temperatures, achieved through solid solution strengthening.
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